Sunday, January 31, 2021

How to boost your immune system?

 How to boost your immune system?

     There appears to be a connection between nutrition and immunity in the elderly. A form of malnutrition that is surprisingly common even in affluent countries is known as "micronutrient malnutrition." Micronutrient malnutrition, in which a person is deficient in some essential vitamins and trace minerals that are obtained from or supplemented by diet, can happen in the elderly. Older people tend to eat less and often have less variety in their diets. One important question is whether dietary supplements may help older people maintain a healthier immune system. Older people should discuss this question with their doctor.

Diet and your immune system

       Like any fighting force, the immune system army marches on its stomach. Healthy immune system warriors need good, regular nourishment. Scientists have long recognized that people who live in poverty and are malnourished are more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Whether the increased rate of disease is caused by malnutrition's effect on the immune system, however, is not certain. There are still relatively few studies on the effects of nutrition on the immune system of humans.

There is some evidence that various micronutrient deficiencies — for example, deficiencies of zinc, selenium, iron, copper, folic acid, and vitamins A, B6, C, and E — alter immune responses in animals, as measured in the test tube. However, the impact of these immune system changes on the health of animals is less clear, and the effect of similar deficiencies on the human immune response has yet to be assessed. 

                           


Improve immunity with herbs and supplements

          Walk into a store, and you will find bottles of pills and herbal preparations that claim to "support immunity" or otherwise boost the health of your immune system. Although some preparations have been found to alter some components of immune function, thus far there is no evidence that they actually bolster immunity to the point where you are better protected against infection and disease. Demonstrating whether a herb — or any substance, for that matter — can enhance immunity is, as yet, a highly complicated matter. Scientists don't know, for example, whether a herb that seems to raise the levels of antibodies in the blood is actually doing anything beneficial for overall immunity.


Exercise: Good or bad for immunity?

          Regular exercise is one of the pillars of healthy living. It improves cardiovascular health, lowers blood pressure, helps control body weight, and protects against a variety of diseases. But does it help to boost your immune system naturally and keep it healthy? Just like a healthy diet, exercise can contribute to general good health and therefore to a healthy immune system. It may contribute even more directly by promoting good circulation, which allows the cells and substances of the immune system to move through the body freely and do their job efficiently.


Tuesday, November 17, 2020

BRS Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetics

 BRS Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetics


BRS Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetics PDF 7th Edition is a superb assist for USMLE Step 1 preparation and for coursework in biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics. Totally up to date for its sixth version, chapters are written in an overview format and embody pedagogical options reminiscent of bolded key phrases, figures, tables, algorithms, and highlighted medical correlates. USMLE-style questions and solutions observe every chapter and a complete examination seems on the finish of the guide. 

Overview

Practical, approachable, and perfect for today’s busy medical students and practitioners, BRS Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Genetics, Seventh Edition helps ensure excellence in-class exams and on the USMLE Step 1. The popular Board Review Series outline format keeps content succinct and accessible for the most efficient review, accompanied by bolded key terms, detailed figures, quick-reference tables, and other aids that highlight important concepts and reinforce understanding. This revised edition is updated to reflect the latest perspectives in biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics, with a clinical emphasis essential to success in practice. New Clinical Correlation boxes detail the real-world application of chapter concepts and updated USMLE-style questions with answers test retention and enhance preparation for board exams and beyond.


                                      DOWNLOAD PDF


Sunday, November 8, 2020

Goljan Rapid Review Pathology PDF FREE Download [Direct Links]

 

Goljan Rapid Review Pathology PDF FREE Download [Direct Links]

In this post, we have shared an overview and download link of Goljan Rapid Review Pathology PDF. Read the overview below and download using links given at the end of the post.

Edward F. Goljan’s Rapid Review Pathology is truly a masterpiece because of its highly sophisticated content structure which has been devised in such a logical manner that it makes studying pathology (often considered a terrifying subject) easy and rewarding.

This book is very useful for medical students especially those who are preparing for the USMLE Step 1 exam. It serves as a perfect complement to the First Aid for Step 1. Goljan Pathology is also known among the medical students as the “Robbins-Pathoma Baby” because it offers a very comprehensive and detailed text like the Robbins Pathology and high-yield presentation of important facts, as seen in the Pathoma 2017. If you are looking for one good book for review of pathology then consider using this book and we are sure that you will never regret making this decision.




Download Lectures





Table of Contents

Below is the complete table of the content presented in the  Goljan Rapid Review Pathology 4th Edition PDF:

  1. Diagnostic testing
  2. Cell injury
  3. Inflammation and repair
  4. Immunopathology
  5. Water, electrolyte, acid-base, and hemodynamic disorders
  6. Genetic and developmental disorders
  7. Environmental pathology
  8. Nutritional disorders
  9. Neoplasia
  10. Vascular disorders
  11. Heart disorders
  12. Red blood cell disorders
  13. White blood cell disorders
  14. Lymphoid tissue disorders
  15. Hemostasis disorders
  16. Immunohematology disorders
  17. Upper and lower respiratory disorders
  18. Gastrointestinal disorders
  19. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders
  20. Kidney disorders
  21. Lower urinary tract and male reproductive disorders
  22. Female reproductive disorders and breast disorders
  23. Endocrine disorders
  24. Musculoskeletal and soft tissue disorders
  25. Skin disorders
  26. Nervous system and special sensory disorders.

                                          Download pdf Book



Fundamentals of Pathology Pathoma 2020 PDF FREE Download [Direct Link]

 Fundamentals of Pathology Pathoma 2020 PDF FREE Download [Direct Link]

 Fundamentals of Pathology aims at providing general principles of pathology and its associated disciplines and is not intended as a working guide to patient care, drug administration or treatment. Medicine is a constantly evolving field and changes in practice regularly occur. It is the responsibility of the treating practitioner, relying on independent expertise and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best treatment and method of application.


Author:

The author of this book Husain A. Sattar, MD recommends using Fundamentals of Pathology Pathoma 2018 PDF alongside the Pathoma video lectures. As the preface of the book indicates, the publishers have provided ample space for note-taking/writing so that when exam time comes around, these notes would turn out to be very beneficial to the readers.





Contents:

CHAPTER 1: Growth adaptations, cellular injury, and cell death

CHAPTER 2: Inflammation, inflammatory disorders, and wound healing

CHAPTER 3: Principles of Neoplasia

CHAPTER 4: Hemostasis and related disorders

CHAPTER 5: Red blood cell disorders

CHAPTER 6: White blood cell disorders

CHAPTER 7: Vascular Pathology

CHAPTER 8: Cardiac Pathology

CHAPTER 9: Respiratory Tract Pathology

CHAPTER 10: Gastrointestinal Pathology

CHAPTER 11: Exocrine pancreas, gallbladder, and liver pathology

CHAPTER 12: Kidney and urinary tract pathology

CHAPTER 13: Female genital system and gestational pathology

CHAPTER 14: Male genital system pathology

CHAPTER 15: Endocrine Pathology

CHAPTER 16: Breast Pathology

CHAPTER 17: Central Nervous System Pathology

CHAPTER 18: Musculoskeletal Pathology

CHAPTER 19: Skin Pathology

Videos:

The best way to use this book, according to Husain A. Sattar, MD, is to read the book first, then do the Pathoma video lectures and then reread the material. This method would help students building very firm concepts and reinforce whatever is learned.

                             Download Videos



                                                                                                                                                                                          Download pdf 2020


                    





Sunday, November 1, 2020

Cholinergic Antagonist

Cholinergic Antagonist:

These bind to cholinergic receptors and block them. They are also called parasympatholytics, cholinergic blockers or anticholinergic drugs'



Classification:



ATROPINE:

It is a tertiary amine extracted from belladonna alkaloid. It has a high affinity for muscarinic receptors binds competitively to prevent acetylcholine from binding. Half-life is 4 hours.




ACTIONS:

EYE:

Atropine causes dilation of pupil called mydriasis, unresponsiveness to light and cycloplegia. It increases intraocular pressure.

GIT:

It is antispasmodic to reduce the activity of the GIT. It reduces secretions and relieves intestinal and biliary colics.

CNS:

It causes excitement, hallucinations and delirium.

URINARY SYSTEM;

It decreases the tone of the smooth muscle of the bladder and causes urinary retention.

CVS:

It has a divergent effect on the heart. At a low dose, it decreases heart rate. At a high dose, it increases heart rate.

SECRETIONS:

It blocks the salivary glands causing xerostomia. It also decreases sweat and lacrimal glandular secretion.

Therapeutic uses:

Ophthalmic:

It causes both mydriatic and cycloplegic effects. It is used in the measurement of refractive errors.

Antispasmodic
Bradycardia
Anti secretory
Anti dote for cholinergic agonist

Adverse effects:

Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Tachycardia
Urinary retention
Constipation
Restlessness
Confusion
Hallucinations

Signs of atropine toxicity:

Hot as a hare ( hyperthermia)
Dry as bone( dry skin)
Red as a beat(flushed)
Blind as a bat(mydriasis)
Mad as a hatter(delirium)

The antidote of atropine:

Physostigmine

                      



                                     Scopolamine

It is also a tertiary amine produces similar effects to those of atropine but has greater effects on CNS.

Clinical uses:

Scopolamine is used to prevent motion sickness, postoperative nausea and vomiting.












Saturday, October 31, 2020

The cholinergic Agonist

 The cholinergic Agonist:

    The preganglionic fibers terminating in the adrenal medulla, the autonomic ganglia both parasympathetic and sympathetic and the postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic use ACETYLCHOLINE as a neurotransmitter. In addition, ACETYLCHOLINE innervates the muscle of the somatic system and also play important role in the CNS.

                                   


Neurotransmission at Cholinergic Neuron:

1.Synthesis of ACETYLCHOLINE:

      Choline is transported from the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm of the cholinergic neuron by energy-dependent carrier system that cotransports sodium and is inhibited by the drug HEMICHOLINIUM. Choline has quaternary nitrogen and a permanent positive charge thus cannot diffuse through the membrane. Choline acetyltransferase catalyzes the reaction of the choline with acetyl coenzyme A to form acetylcholine an ester in the cytosol. The ACh is then stored in the storage vesicles. The released ACh interacts with cholinergic receptors on effector cells and activates them. In the synaptic cleft, the ACh is rapidly hydrolysed by Acetylcholinesterase AChE enzyme.

                             

CHOLINESTRASE:

It is an enzyme and has two types:

1.True cholinesterase:

It is found in cholinergic neurons, ganglia, RBCs and neuromuscular junction. It rapidly hydrolysis ACh and methacholine into choline and acetate in the synaptic cleft.

2.Pseudocholinesterase or Butyrylcholine:

It is found in plasma, liver and glial cells. It can hydrolyse ACh but does not hydrolyse methacholine. Hydrolysis is slow.

2.Cholinergic receptors:

These are of two types:

1.MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS               2.NICOTINIC RECEPTORS

MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS:

There are five subclasses. M1 found in gastric glands, autonomic ganglia and CNS. M2 is found in the heart. M3 is present in smooth muscles, exocrine glands and epithelial cells. M4 & M5 are present in CNS.
M1 & M3 are Gq coupled while M2 is Gi-coupled.
 
                                       


NICOTINIC RECEPTORS:

These are of 2 subtypes:

Those present at the neuromuscular junction are called Nm and all others are called Nn. These are ionotropic receptors they activate sodium channels and cause depolarization of the cholinergic neuron.

Directly acting Cholinergic Agonist:

1.Choline esters                                                 2.Alkaloids

Acetylcholine                                                      Pilocarpine
Bethanechol                                                         Muscarine
Carbachol

Acetylcholine:

It is quaternary ammonium so it can not penetrate membranes. It is the neurotransmitter at parasympathetic and somatic as well as autonomic ganglia. It is rapidly metabolized by cholinesterase. ACh has both muscarinic and nicotinic activity.

Actions of ACh:

HEART:  

 It mimics the effects of vagal stimulation. It decreases heart rate and cardiac output.

Blood pressure:

Injection of ACh causes vasodilation and lower blood pressure.

Other actions:

In the gastrointestinal tract, it increases salivary secretion, increases gastric acid and stimulates intestinal secretions and mobility. It also enhances bronchial secretion and causes bronchoconstriction.
It causes constriction of ciliary muscles of an eye for near vision and constriction of sphincter pupillae muscle, causing miosis.

Bethanechol:

It is not hydrolysed by AChE and is inactivated bt other esterases. It lacks nicotinic actions but does have strong muscarinic activity.

Therapeutic uses;

It is used to stimulate the atonic bladder, neurogenic atony as well as megacolon.

Adverse effects:

sweating, salivation, flushing, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal pain. diarrhoea and bronchospasm. Atropine sulfate is used to overcome its side effects.

Carbachol:

It has both muscarinic and nicotinic actions, a poor substrate of AChE. It is used to provide miosis for eye surgery. It may first stimulate and then depress these systems.

Pilocarpine:

It is a tertiary amine and is stable to hydrolysis by AChE. It can penetrate CNS and has muscarinic activity.

Therapeutic uses:

It is a drug of choice for the emergency lowering of intraocular pressure for both open and closed-angle glaucoma. It is also used in xerostomia and Sjogren syndrome.

Adverse effects:

blurred vision, night blindness, profuse sweating and salivation. Atropine is used to counteract the toxicity of pilocarpine.

Thursday, August 27, 2020

JP PHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION PDF DOWNLOAD

 JP PHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION PDF DOWNLOAD

About Book:

JAYPEE is a book of physiology studied in 1st and 2nd-year MBBS & BDS. 

Writer: K. SEMBULINGAM & PREMA SEMBULINGAM

PAGES: 1113

EDITION: 8TH


REVIEW:

I have studied this book in 2ND-year MBBS. The writing of the book is very easy and simple. Clear concepts and is brief about the topics. Thanks for reading my blog.

Friday, August 14, 2020

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

Important Properties:

HIV is an RNA retrovirus. It consists of two identical molecules of single-stranded positive polarity RNA and is said to be diploid. There are two types of this virus:

HIV1

HIV2

Both these cause AIDS but HIV1 is found worldwide whereas HIV2 is found in WEST AFRICA.

ENZYMES IN HIV:

1:REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
2:INTEGRASE
3:PROTEASE

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE:

It is RNA dependent DNA polymerase only present in retroviruses. This enzyme transcribes the RNA into DNA.

INTEGRASE:

It mediates the integration of the viral DNA into the host cell DNA.

PROTEASE:

It cleaves the precursor polyproteins into the functional viral polypeptides.

REPLICATIVE CYCLE:

As it is retrovirus after entry into the cell by binding to the CD4 protein on the cell surface it fuses with the cell membrane and its RNA and reverse transcriptase enters the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm reverse transcriptase transcribes the viral RNA into double-stranded DNA, which migrates into the nucleus, where it integrates into the host cell DNA. Viral mRNA is formed from the DNA by hist cell RNA polymerase.

PATHOGENESIS:

HIV infects the helper T cells and kills them resulting in suppression of the cell-mediated immunity. HIV also infects brain monocytes and macrophages.

DISEASE:

HIV1 and HIV2 both cause Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

CLINICAL FINDINGS:

In the acute stage which usually begins 2 to 4 weeks after infection fever, lethargy, sore throat and lymphadenopathy occur.

In the middle stage of HIV infection, a long latent period that lasts for 7 to 11 years the patient is asymptomatic. A syndrome called AIDS-related complex can occur during the latent period characterised by fever, fatigue, weight loss.
 
The late stage of HIV infection is AIDS characterised by a decrease in CD4 cells below to 200/miroliter.

TRANSMISSION:

It is transmitted through sexual contact and by transfer of infected blood.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:

The early diagnosis of both HIV1 & HIV2 infection is made by using ELISA that detect antibodies.
PCR can also be done to detect the amount of viral RNA in the plasma.

TREATMENT:

Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs.

1:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
2:Protease Inhibitors
3:Entry Inhibitors
4:Integrase Inhibitors

PREVENTION:

No vaccine is available.
Use Condoms during sex
Not sharing needles
Discard blood contaminated with HIV













Thursday, August 13, 2020

WHAT IS CORONA VIRUS? (COVID-19)

WHAT IS CORONA VIRUS? (COVID-19)

Important Properties: 

It is a respiratory virus. It is nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus. There are two serotypes. SARS & MARS. The receptor for sars coronavirus on the surface of the cell is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.


Disease:

Coronavirus is an important cause of common cold, atypical pneumonia called severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) & typical pneumonia called middle east respiratory syndrome(MERS).


REPLICATION:

After entry into the cell coronavirus uncoats and its replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

TRANSMISSION:

Transmission occurs through the respiratory passageway from humans to humans.

RESERVOIR:

The natural source of SARS coronavirus is bat and civet cat serving as an intermediate host. The natural source of MERS coronavirus is the camel.

PATHOGENESIS:

Coronavirus infects the mucosal cells of the respiratory tract. 50% of infections are asymptomatic. Pneumonia caused by SARS causes oedema resulting in hypoxia. The binding of the SARS to the ACE2 receptor on the surface cells of the respiratory tract causes fluid imbalance and oedema in the alveolar space.

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:

PCR based test detects coronavirus RNA in blood. An antibody test detects the antibodies.

OUTBREAKS:

SARS Coronavirus originated in china in November 2002. MERS Coronavirus originated in SAUDI ARABIA in 2012.

PANDEMIC: 

In 2019 the pandemic of coronavirus started from CHINA. It spread through the world affecting millions of people all over the world. More than 10 million people in the world are affected by this coronavirus and more than 4 LAC people died. Still the pandemic of coronavirus is not over yet. 


TREATMENT:

There is no antiviral therapy. Many countries are trying to make the vaccine for coronavirus to end the pandemic. The vaccine is under the trial basis and will be available at the end of 2020 or beginning of 2021. Plasma therapy is also on a trial basis but it works.


PREVENTION:

Wash your hands properly


Use masks


Use hand sanitizer


Stay at home 


AT THE END SALUTE TO ALL THE COVID 19 WARRIORS.





Wednesday, August 12, 2020

Junqueira's Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 14th Edition PDF DOWNLOAD

 Junqueira's Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 14th Edition PDF DOWNLOAD






                                  DOWNLOAD PDF

ABOUT BOOK: 

Histology is a book for 1st and 2nd-year MBBS and 1st year BDS.

AUTHOR: ANTHONY L.MESCHER

PAGES: 573

This is the latest edition of this book. it contains high-quality diagrams that's why most popular in medical students.
You can easily remember the diagrams and can identify in the microscope by the help of this book. Try it to believe it. Thanks and best of luck guys.

Junqueira's Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 14th Edition PDF DOWNLOAD

5% Minoxidil Spray for Hair Loss: A Complete Clinical Guide

 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Mechanism of Action 3. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 4. Indications 5. Contraindications 6. Dr...